The heat source was then applied intermittently until the temperature was steady, and temperature and pressure again recorded. The heat source was removed and the gauge pressure allowed falling to around 420 kPa. The temperature and pressure were then read using a mercury-in-glass thermometer and a bourdon pressure gauge. By regulating the heating rate, the pressure was held steady until the thermometer reading became steady. The valve was closed and heating continued until the gauge pressure read around 480 kPa. When the thermometer attained a steady reading the temperature was recorded. With the valve (on top of the boiler) open, the water was raised to its boiling point and a small quantity of steam was blown off in order to expel air. Experimental ProcedureĪ small steel pressure vessel containing water was heated with an external heat source.
These materials and equipments are the best for lab experiments, as they are easy to handle. The materials and equipments are useful to get good results via experiments. Glass The equipments that will be used to provide the experiments are the following: The materials that will be used to provide the experiments are the following: The concept of the "saturated fluid" includes the saturated liquids (that are about to vaporize), the saturated liquid and vapor mixtures, and the saturated vapors are about to being condensed (DePriester 2003).Īlthough the theory of equilibrium is still not so much researched, so an equilibrium may be practically reached, as for the relatively closed locations, in case if liquids and their vapors are allowed standing in contacts with each other, with no interference, at only the gradual interference. As for pure chemical substances, this statement, according to some researchers (Balzhiser 1972 Smith 2005) is implied to the boiling point. Some substances at the vapor–liquid equilibriums are generally referred to the saturated fluid. (Seader 1998)There is no net of the vapor–liquid interconversion. Vapor–liquid equilibrium (VLE) is a definite condition when a liquid and the vapor (gas phase) stand in the equilibrium, according to the condition or state, where rates of evaporation (changing to vapor) are equal with the rates of condensations (vapor changing to liquids) on some molecular level. When evaluating these results, some experimental procedures will be applied to practice, in order to get to know if these procedures are possible to be developed. And compare this value with that obtained from steam tables.ĭ) Discuss the validity of all the assumptions used in c) above, as well as the uncertainties in the experimental data. absolute (thermodynamic) saturation temperature over the whole range of the data provided.ī) Compare this data to equivalent data taken from steam tables.Ĭ) Use the data, along with the integrated form of the “Clausius-Clapeyron” equation to approximate the specific enthalpy of evaporation of water in the range of the experimental data. The object of this exercise is to:Ī) Use the raw data to produce a table of absolute pressure. The “raw” experimental data are given at the end of this document and the apparatus used are described below. The object of the paper is to analyze the above relationship over a range of pressures extending above and below atmospheric pressure.ĭata were obtained for the pressure and temperature of a saturated steam-water mixture in equilibrium over a wide range of pressures and temperatures.